Introduction+-+swallowing+stages


 * Stages of swallowing and tongue cancer **

Within the four stages of swallowing shown below cancer of the tongue has the most significant affect on the first two stages: the oral preparation stage and oral stage (Groher & Crary, 2010; Kendall, 1997). But the pharyngeal stage may also be affected.



(2;b)

Post-surgery the effects on the different stages are detailed below:


 * Oral preparation stage **

· oral stasis

· insufficient bolus transport

· decreased bolus control

· decreased chewing

(Leonard & Kendall, 1997; Mady, Sader, Hoole, Zimmerman, & Horch, 2003).


 * Oral stage **

· increased oral transit time

· early spillage into the pharynx (causing aspiration risk)

· decreased base of tongue movement

(Leonard & Kendall, 1997; Kronenberger & Meyers, 1994).


 * Pharyngeal stage **

· delayed pharyngeal swallow reflex

· possible decreased laryngeal excursion if intrinsic muscles of tongue have been resected

The effects of surgery and radiotherapy on swallowing in general are discussed on the next page

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